Vagrant从入门到放弃

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源起

有时候跑一些服务,需要在Linux上运行,需要快速拉起分布式开发测试环境配置,不可能通过创建虚拟机安装服务等一系列操作,否则一行命令,一上午。这时候就需要一款科学的工具来管理虚拟机。有人会说,不是有docker么,为啥还用vagrant

区别

这里简单说下区别

vagrant是vm的编排工具,是管理编排环境,对标应该是docker-compose
docker是将应用轻量化构建和部署工具

个人认为两者使用纬度不一样, 而且应用场景哪个方便用哪个。

用法

上面说到vagrant是vm虚拟机的编排工具,目前支持多个虚拟机软件,常见用virtualbox,也推荐用这个。

官方文档 Getting Started

安装vagrant

# MacOS, 默认已经virtualbox
brew cask install vagrant

或者通过官网安装 Download Vagrant

初始化一个项目

Vagrantfile是用来定义vagrant project的,使用ruby语法,不过你不需要知道ruby就可以写一个Vagrantfile。

示例来源于 ysicing/debian-vagrant

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box_check_update = false
  config.vm.provider 'virtualbox' do |vb|
   vb.customize [ "guestproperty", "set", :id, "/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/VBoxService/--timesync-set-threshold", 1000 ]
  end  
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "nfs", nfs_udp: false, disabled: true
  $num_instances = 1
  (1..$num_instances).each do |i|
    config.vm.define "node#{i}" do |node|
      node.vm.box = "ysicing/debian"
      node.vm.hostname = "debian105-#{i}"
      #node.ssh.username = "root"
      #node.ssh.password = "vagrant"
      ip = "11.11.11.#{i+10}"
      node.vm.network "private_network", ip: ip
      node.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.gui = false
        vb.memory = "1024"
        vb.cpus = 1
        vb.name = "node#{i}"
        vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--natdnshostresolver1", "on"]
        vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--ioapic", "on"]
      end
      node.vm.provision "shell", inline: "uname -a"
    end
  end
end

简单说下核心重要相关参数:

  • vm.provider 虚拟机服务
  • vm.box 虚拟机镜像, 类似docker镜像镜像
  • cpus,memory,network,instances 虚拟机资源副本信息等

常用基础命令

# 启动
vagrant up
# ssh登录
vagrant ssh
# 销毁
vagrant destroy
# 关机
vagrant halt

示例部署

mkdir vm
cat > vm/Vagrantfile <<EOF

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box_check_update = false
  config.vm.provider 'virtualbox' do |vb|
   vb.customize [ "guestproperty", "set", :id, "/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/VBoxService/--timesync-set-threshold", 1000 ]
  end
  $num_instances = 3
  (1..$num_instances).each do |i|
    config.vm.define "0660b6a92e962a930692651db4562957#{i}" do |node|
      node.vm.box = "ysicing/debian"
      node.vm.hostname = "0660b6a92e962a930692651db4562957#{i}"
      node.vm.network "public_network", use_dhcp_assigned_default_route: true, bridge: 'en0: Wi-Fi (Wireless)'
      # node.vm.provision "shell", run: "always", inline: "ntpdate ntp.api.bz"
      node.vm.network "private_network", ip: "11.11.11.11#{i}"
      node.vm.provision "shell", run: "always", inline: "echo hello from 0660b6a92e962a930692651db4562957#{i}"
      node.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.gui = false
        vb.memory = 4096
        vb.cpus = 2
        vb.name = "0660b6a92e962a930692651db4562957#{i}"
        vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--natdnshostresolver1", "on"]
        vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--ioapic", "on"]
        # cpu 使用率50%
        vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--cpuexecutioncap", "50"]
      end
    end
  end
end
EOF

# 启动虚拟机
vagrant up

# 11.11.11.110,11.11.11.111,11.11.11.112 root/vagrant

其他场景

本地起多个虚拟机环境测试,其他没必要,感觉没docker-compose方便。

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.provision "shell", inline: "echo Hello"

  config.vm.define "web" do |web|
    web.vm.box = "apache"
  end

  config.vm.define "db" do |db|
    db.vm.box = "mysql"
  end
end

debian box简介

默认box使用ysicing/debian, 个人自用debian镜像,源码如下ysicing/debian-vagrant

定制

  • 默认允许root(密码vagrant)用户登录
  • 默认dns为1.2.4.8, 114.114.114.114
  • 镜像源为 mirrors.aliyun.com
  • 默认硬盘80G
  • 安装了常用运维工具

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